Lipid disorders among Black Africans non-users of lipid-lowering medication

ABSTRACT Objective: Angola is a sub-Saharan African country where the population has scarce access to lipidlowering medication. We sought to determine the frequency of lipid disorders among Angolan nonusers of lipid-lowering medication. Material and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a sample of 604 workers from the public sector. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were measured along with biochemical parameters including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). LDL-C to HDL-C ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C) was obtained from LDL-C and HDL-C levels. Results: High frequencies of elevated blood pressure (44.8%), metabolic syndrome (20.2%), increased TC (39.2%) and increased LDL-C (19.3%) were found. Low HDL-C was more frequent in women (62.4% vs. 36.1%, p < 0.001). Isolated hypercholesterolemia was more frequent in men (9.6% vs. 2.5%, p < 0.001). Among men TC, TG, LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were higher and HDL-C was lower in obese than in low-weight and normal-weight participants. Among women TC, TG, LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were higher in obese than in normal-weight participants. Significant linear trend of increasing TC and LDL-C levels as age increased was detected for both genders (p for trend < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of our study showed a high frequency of lipid disorders in Angolan non-users of lipid-lowering medication.

Cardiovascular Risk in Xavante Indigenous Population / Risco Cardiovascular na População Indígena Xavante

Abstract Background: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is little known in Brazilian indigenous populations. In the last two decades, important changes have occurred in the lifestyle and epidemiological profile of the Xavante people. Objective: to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Xavante adults in São Marcos and Sangradouro/Volta Grande reserves, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with 925 Xavante people aged ≥ 20 years between 2008 and 2012. The following indicators were assessed: triglycerides (TG), total, LDL and HDL-cholesterol, Castelli index I and II, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio, apo B / Apo A1 ratio, Framingham risk score, C-reactive protein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW), glycemia and blood pressure. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's t test and Chi-square test (χ2) were used for statistical analysis, and significance level was set at 5%. Results: High prevalence of elevated cardiovascular risk was observed in men and women according to HDL-cholesterol (66.2% and 86.2%, respectively), TG (53.2% and 51.5%), TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (60.0% and 49.1%), C-reactive protein (44.1% and 48.1%), BMI (81.3% and 81.7%), WC (59.1% and 96.2%), HW (38.0% and 50,6%) and glycemia (46.8% and 70.2%). Individuals aged 40 to 59 years had the highest cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: The Xavante have a high cardiovascular risk according to several indicators evaluated. The present analysis of cardiovascular risk factors provides support for the development of preventive measures and early treatment, in attempt to minimize the impact of cardiovascular diseases on this population.

Resumo Fundamento: A prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular ainda é pouco estudada em populações indígenas brasileiras. Nas duas últimas décadas, observaram- se importantes mudanças no estilo de vida e no perfil epidemiológico dos Xavante. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular na população adulta Xavante das Reservas Indígenas de São Marcos e Sangradouro/Volta Grande - MT. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 925 indígenas Xavante com 20 ou mais anos de idade, no período de 2008 a 2012. Foram considerados os indicadores: níveis séricos de triglicérides (TG), colesterol (total, LDL e HDL), Índices de Castelli I (CT/HDL-c) e II (LDL-c/HDL-c), razão TG/HDL-C, relação Apo B/Apo A1, escore de Framingham, proteína C reativa (PCR), Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), cintura hipertrigliceridêmica (CH), glicemia e pressão arterial. Foram utilizados os testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t de Student e Qui quadrado (χ2), sendo considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Verificaram-se altas prevalências de risco cardiovascular elevado, em homens e mulheres, respectivamente, segundo os indicadores HDL-colesterol (66,2% e 86,2%), TG (53,2% e 51,5%), razão TG/HDL-c (60,0% e 49,1%), PCR (44,1% e 48,1%), IMC (81,3% e 81,7%), CC (59,1% e 96,2%), CH (38,0% e 50,6%) e glicemia (46,8% e 70,2%). Os indivíduos de 40 a 59 anos foram os que apresentaram maior risco cardiovascular. Conclusões: Os Xavante apresentam elevado risco cardiovascular segundo vários indicadores avaliados. Este inquérito fornece subsídios para ações de prevenção e tratamento precoce, a fim de minimizar os potenciais danos causados por doenças cardiovasculares entre os Xavante.

Alta prevalencia de dislipidemia en niños indígenas argentinos que habitan a grandes altitudes / High prevalence of dyslipidemia in Argentine indigenous children living at high altitudes

Se observó una alta prevalencia de dislipidemia en una población de niños indígenas que viven a grandes altitudes. Sin embargo, no se verificó una asociación significativa entre los niveles de hemoglobina y de lípidos, lo que sugiere que estos niños podrían pertenecer a una población genética susceptible de padecer dislipidemia.

Obesidad como Factor de Riesgo para Trastornos Metabólicos en Adolescentes Mexicanos, 2005 / Obesity as risk factor for metabolic disorder in Mexican adolescents, 2005

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y estimar el riesgo de obesidad para dislipidemias e hiperinsulinemia en adolescentes. Asimismo, evaluar la asociación lineal de medidas antropométricas y lípidos con insulina. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal comparativo entre adolescentes obesos (índice de masa corporal=IMC>percentil 95 para edad y sexo; n=120) y no obesos (IMC< percentil 85 para edad y sexo; n=120) de 10-19 años. Se aplicó una encuesta estructurada con datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos y se determinaron glucosa, insulina y perfil de lípidos. Resultados: La prevalencia de una o más dislipidemias fue de 56,6 por ciento en adolescentes c/obesidad, en comparación con 20,8 por ciento en adolescentes s/obesidad (p<.001). La hiperinsulinemia se presentó en el 50 por ciento del primer grupo mientras que en el segundo, en 4 por ciento (p<.001). La obesidad incrementó el riesgo de hiperinsulinemia con una razón de momios de (RM) de 23 (IC 95 por ciento: 8,3-68,9) y de por lo menos una dislipidemia (RM=5,0; IC95 por ciento: 2,7-9,2). El nivel de insulina se correlacionó significativamente con IMC (r=0,57), triglicéridos (r=0,57), VLDL (r=0,57), HDL (-0,37), relación cintura cadera (r=0,29), colesterol (r=0,22), y LDL (r=0,13). Conclusiones: Se evidenció a la obesidad en adolescentes como factor predisponente para el desarrollo de trastornos metabólicos y la asociación lineal de medidas antropométricas y lípidos con insulina.

Objective: Determining the prevalence and estimating the risk of obesity for dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in adolescents. The existence of a linear association betweenanthropometric measures, lipids and insulin was also evaluated. Material and Methods: A comparative study was carried out amongst obese (body mass index=BMI >95th percentile for age and gender; n=120) and non-obese adolescents (BMI <85th percentile for age and sex; n=120) aged 10-19. A structured questionnaire was used for collecting anthropometric and demographic data. Glucose, insulin and lipid profiles were obtained for each adolescent. Results: Prevalence of at least one dyslipidemia was 56,6 percent among obese adolescents and 20,8 percent amongst non-obese ones (p<.001). The former registered 50 percent prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, the latter 4 percent (p<.001). Obesity increased hyperinsulinemia risk having a 23 odds ratio (8.3-68.9 95 percent CI) and for at least one dyslipidemia (OR=5,0; 2,7-9,2 95 percent CI). Insulin level significantly correlated with BMI (r=0,57), triglycerides (r=0,57), VLDL (r=0,57), HDL (-0,37), waist-hip circumference index (r=0,29), cholesterol (r=0,22), and LDL (r=0,13). Conclusions: Obesity can be considered to be a risk factor for developing metabolic disorders in adolescents. In fact, there was a linear relationship between anthropometric measurement, lipids and insulin. Prevention should focus on improving predisposing environments for obesity amongst families having children and teenagers. Emphasising life-styles and healthy behaviour is essential, as well as training and treatment options for complete care of individuals in this age-group.

Should body mass index be adjusted for relative sitting height in cross-sectional studies of chronic diseases in Japanese-Brazilians?

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o grau de concordância entre as classificações do estado nutricional segundo os valores do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o IMC corrigido (IMCc). Utilizou-se dados de estudo transversal realizado entre nipo-brasileiros. Na análise estatística dos dados foram obtidas as prevalências de doenças crônicas, a estatística kappa e o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson. Observou-se que 5,9% dos nipo-brasileiros foram discordantes quanto às classificações pelo IMC e IMCc. O valor da estatística kappa ponderado (0,94; p = 0,000) indicou boa concordância entre as classificações. Prevalências semelhantes de doenças crônicas foram obtidas para os indivíduos com excesso de peso classificados segundo estes dois índices. Valores semelhantes para os coeficientes de correlação linear de Pearson foram obtidos entre esses índices e as medidas de circunferência de cintura e as medidas de gordura corporal. Estes resultados sugerem que, provavelmente, a correção do IMC pelo comprimento relativo do tronco seja desnecessária para esses indivíduos.

Applicability of the National Cholesterol Education Program III (NCEP-III) Guidelines for treatment of dyslipidemia in a non-Caucasian population: A Mexican Nation-Wide Survey / Aplicabilidad del III Programa Nacional de Educación en Colesterol (NCEP-III). Guías para el tratamiento de la dislipidemia en una población no caucásica: Un estudio en toda la nación mexicana

We assessed the impact of the NCEP-III recommendations in a population-based, nation-wide Mexican survey. Information was obtained from 15,607 subjects aged 20 to 69 years. In this report, only samples obtained after a 9 to 12 hours fast are included (2,201 cases). A cardiovascular risk equivalent was found in 10.5% and > 2 risk factors were present in 41.7% of the population. In 10% of cases, the LDL-C concentration was high enough to be an indication for a lipid-lowering drug (> 160 mg/dL), independent of the presence of risk factors. A quarter of the population was eligible for some form of treatment (lifestyle modifications in 15.9%, drug therapy in an additional 11.7%). Among cases with > 2 risk factors, a small percentage (1.8%) were identified as having a 10 year-risk > 20% and 86.3% were considered as having alO year-risk < 10%. The majority of the metabolic syndrome cases (84%) were identified as low-risk subjects. As a result, only 17.6% of them qualified for drug-based LDL-C lowering. Our data helps to estimate of the magnitude of the burden imposed on the Mexican health system, of lowering LDL-C for cardiovascular prevention. If we apply our results to the 2,000 Mexican population census more than 5.8 million cases nationwide may require LDL lowering drug therapy following the NCEP-III criteria.

Evaluamos el impacto de las recomendaciones del Programa Nacional de Educación en Colesterol (NCEP-III) en muestra poblacíonal. La información proviene de 2,201 sujetos de 20 a 69 años cuyas muestras se obtuvieron después de un ayuno de 9 a 12 horas. Una condición con riesgo cardiovascular equivalente al de la cardiopatía isquémica se encontró en 10.5%; > 2 factores de riesgo se encontraron en 41.7%. El colesterol LDL (LDL-C) fue suficientemente alto (> 160 mg/dL) para indicarse tratamiento hipolipemiante con medicamentos, en ausencia de otros factores de riesgo en 10% de los participantes. El 25% de la población calificó para recibir tratamiento hipolipemiante (cambios del estilo de vida 15.9% y tratamiento farmacológico en 11.7%). En casos con > 2 factores de riesgo, un pequeño porcentaje (1.8%) fue identificado con riesgo mayor a > 20% de tener un evento cardiovascular a 10 años; 86.3% fue identificado con bajo riesgo (< 10% a 10 años). La mayoría de los casos con síndrome metabólíco (84%) fueron identificados en el grupo de bajo riesgo. Como resultado, sólo 17.6% de ellos calificó para disminuir su LDL-C con medicamentos. Nuestros datos demuestran el reto que representa la prevención de complicaciones cardiovasculares por medio de la reducción de la concentración del LDL-C. Extrapolando nuestros datos al censo 2000, más de 5.8 millones de mexicanos califican para recibir tratamiento farmacológico de acuerdo con los criterios del NCEP-III.